It is worth noting these musical processes as it
indicates the detail and complexity of the relationship between the dalang and
the orchestra that is at the heart of a performance. It is also worth
remembering that although all know the structure every performance, the dalang
is constantly improvising, adding comments and adapting the material so the
dynamic of one performance and another, even of the same basic story by the
same dalang, will be markedly different. These examples also demonstrate the
enormous precise and technical detail required by the dalang. The local
audience will be well aware of how the dalang is manipulating the techniques
and materials and it will affect their response as the performance unfolds.
Finally, there is a cue that prompts the musicians to
play a musical piece that is purely artistic, structural and/or ritualistic,
without any association with dramatic characters. An example of this is the
musical overture, which always begins a Wayang performance. When a dalang
dedicates an opening offering, santun pamungkah, to God and then serves the
segehan offering to the lower spirit in order to obtain spiritual support, the
action serves as a cue for the musicians – a signal for them to get ready to
play the piece. It is also a signal for the audience that the show will now
begin and the audience do indeed become more attentive in anticipation of what
will follow.
The stories used in Wayang come from various sources,
and the Wayang genre indicates the name of the source. Wayang Ramayana clearly
indicates the narrative source as does Wayang Parwa (Mahabharata), etc. These
two major sources are known in translation, in the Javanese poetry kakawin, and
are in many ways an adaptation, rather than the original Sanskrit. Various
other sources exist also, some in verse, some in prose and some in a
combination of the two. The other source stories originally come from India,
Indonesia or are indigenous to Bali.
Once the story has been chosen and the ideas
formulated for how the dalang will approach its telling, the next task is to select
specific puppets. Sometimes various puppets represent the same character
according to the situation or mood. These variations are known as wanda and
determine in many ways the style/tone of the storytelling. Sometimes the
differences are simple, such as before and after ascending the throne for a
prince: one with a kingly headdress and one with a simpler version. The most
interesting example is with the character Gatutkaca, the son of the Pandawa
hero, Bima; he has five wanda (the most of any character) that show specific
aspects of his history. First, he is a baby puppet, Jabang Tatuka. Second, he
appears encrusted with dirt, steel and iron for an episode where he is
literally forged into a superhuman to challenge the monster Naga Pracono.
Third, a puppet represents him in his customary form as a handsome prince.
Fourth, he is a huge cloud-monster for the scene where he challenges Karna, the
commander-in-chief of the Korawa army in a battle. Finally, he is featured as
an abject creature when his armour is peeled away from his body. In recent
years, the use of wanda in the performance has increased in the way that new
puppets are constructed to represent different stages of a character, motivated
by the search for more flexibility in puppet manipulation. New wanda are
created to provide more complex movements, especially for comic characters and
animals.
A dalang’s puppet collection (its size and range) does
not completely limit which stories he can tell, as it is possible to substitute
one character for another. The governing principle of this kind of substitution
is that the borrowed puppet must suit the general type that is required by the
play. A refined knight may represent another refined hero, a refined lady can
represent another refined queen and an insignificant demon may represent
another lesser-known ogre. A narrow-eyed soldier can represent any member of
the army of the protagonists’ group used on the right side of the screen and a
round-eyed soldier can represent any army’s member from the antagonists’ group
at the left side. The names may be changed, as long as the puppet type is
correct. This also allows the dalang to create new stories or heavily modify
existing stories. As can be seen in the parallel discussion about Topeng, there
is more ability to innovate than at first seems possible.
Another task for the dalang is constructing his
puppets; although some dalang commission others to build their puppets, most
create them themselves. Constructing and manipulating puppets are especially
important
parts of a dalang’s ability to introduce creativity
into his presentation today. Traditional puppets are often felt to limit
development of a more expressive vocabulary of movements, tetikasan. In an
outburst of creativity in recent years, dalang have created new puppets with
expanded potential for movement. Additional joints are added in the neck, upper
arms, waist, upper thighs and knees. Manipulatable hindquarters, wings, trunks
and ears have been added to animal puppets. In addition to the traditional
strings and sticks, added means of controls have been explored by using rubber
bands, velcro, cables and even batteries. Characters that lend themselves to
the greatest degree of experimentation are demonic and animal characters, as
these characters are expected to move more extensively and with more agility
than human beings.
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